HAGEN, a town of Prussia, at the head of a circle in the Arnsberg government of Westphalia, is situated at the confluence of the Empe with the Volme, and at the junction of several railways, 26 miles W.S.W. from Arnsberg. It is the seat of a provincial office, a circle court, a chamber of commerce, a state railway commission, and an agricultural union. It has two Evangelical churches, a Catholic church, an Old Catholic church, a synagogue, a real-school of the first order, a royal provincial trade school, a higher female school, and two infirmaries. Hagen is one of the most flourishing commercial towns in Westphalia, and possesses puddling works for iron and steel, iron foundries, cast-steel works, a large cotton print work, woollen and cotton factories, manufactures of leather, paper, tobacco, and iron and steel wares, breweries, and distilleries. There are large limestone quarries in the vicinity, and also an alabaster quarry. The population in 1875 was 24,335, or including Althagen 26,870.

HAGEN, Friedrich Heinrich von der (1780-1856), distinguished for his researches in Old German literature, was born at Schmiedeberg in Brandenburg, 19th February 1780. After studying law at the university of Halle, he obtained a legal appointment in the state service at Berlin, but in 1806 he resigned this office in order to devote himself exclusively to the study of his choice. In 1810 he was appointed professor extraordinarius of German language and literature in the university of Berlin, in the following year was transferred to a similar professorship in Breslau, and in 1821 returned to Berlin as professor ordinarius. He died at Berlin, 11th June 1856. To Hagen belongs the chief merit of awakening an interest in Old German poetry, of which he published several collections....

HAGENAU, the chief town of a circle and canton in Alsace-Lorraine, Germany, district of Lower Alsace, is situated in the middle of the Hagenau Forest, on the Moder, and on the railway from Strasburg to Weissenburg, 10 miles N.N.E. of the former town. It has two ancient Catholic churches, one dating from the 12th the other from the 13th century, a gymnasium, a reformatory for boys, a female penitentiary, a public library, a hospital, and a theatre. The principal industries are wool and cotton spinning, and the manufacture of porcelain, earthenware, soap, leather, oil, and beer. There is also considerable trade in hops, vegetables, and wine. Population (1875), 11,786.

Hagenau dates from the beginning of the 12th century, and owes its origin to the erection of a hunting lodge by the dukes of Swabia. Frederick Barbarossa surrounded it with walls and gave it a constitution. On the site of the hunting lodge he founded an imperial palace, in which were preserved the jewelled imperial crown, sceptre, imperial globe, and sword of Charlemagne. Subsequently the town obtained imperial rights, and after the extinction of the Hohenstaufens it remained the capital of the bailiwick of Lower Alsace. In 1648 it came into the possession of France, and in 1673 Louis XIV. caused the fortifications to be razed. In 1675 it was captured by imperial troops, but in 1677 it was retaken by the French and nearly all destroyed by fire. In 1871 it came, along with the rest of Alsace-Lorraine, into the possession of Prussia.

HAGENBACH, Karl Rudolf (1801-1874), distinguished as a church historian and as an expounder of the so-called “Vermittelungstheologie,” or mediation theology of Germany, was born March 4, 1801, at Basel, where his father, a man of considerable talent and scientific repute, was a practising physician. His preliminary education was received at a Pestalozzian school, and afterwards at the gymnasium, whence in due course he passed to the newly reorganized local university. Carefully brought up within a church in which the strictest orthodoxy still continued to hold undisputed sway, familiar at the same time from boyhood with his father’s expressions of approval of the principles of the French Revolution, himself of an ardent, sympathetic, inquiring, and devout temperament, he early devoted himself to theological studies and to the service of the church, while at the same time cherishing and developing broad “humanistic” tendencies which found expression in many ways and especially in an enthusiastic admiration for the writings of Herder. The years 1820-23 were spent first at Bonn, where Lücke exerted a powerful influence on the formation of his opinions, and afterwards at Berlin, where Schleiermacher, and still more Neander, became permanently his masters. Returning in 1823 to Basel, where De Wette had recently been appointed to a theological chair, he distinguished himself greatly by his “liabilitations-schrift” or trial-dissertation, entitled Observationes historico-hermeneuticce circa Origenis methodum interpretavdoe sacras Scripturoe; in the following year he became professor extraordinarius, and in 1829 professor ordinarius of theology. Apart from his special academic labours during many years in connexion with the history of dogma and of the church ...