CONCORD, a city of the United States of America, capital of New Hampshire, is situated near the centre of the State, on the Merrimack River, 42 miles N.W. of Portsmouth and 75 miles N.N.W. of Boston by railroad It is pleasantly laid out, for the most part on the west side of the river; and its principal streets are lined with trees. The State-house, which is a handsome edifice built of granite, occupies an open space ornamented with elms and maple trees. The town contains also a city hall and three public libraries; while in the neighbourhood there is the State asylum for the insane, with a farm attached for the employment of the inmates. Concord is well supplied with water, and, having both railroad and canal communication, is advantageously situated for the development of its manufactures. These consist chiefly of carriages, dry goods, leather goods, and furniture. Granite of a superior quality is also quarried in the neighbourhood; and a large trade is carried on in dressed and undressed blocks. The site of the town was first occupied by settlers in 1725; it was known as Rumford until 1765, when it received its present name. It was incorporated as a city in 1853, and is now the seat of the courts formerly held in Portsmouth. Popu lation in 1870, 12,241....

CONCORDANCE, a verbal index, in which all the leading words used by an author are alphabetically arranged, with a reference to the place where each occurs. The want of such a work first made itself felt in the department of biblical interpretation, and the earliest concordances were those of the Scriptures. Hence the application of the term has been generally limited to a Biblical index. The first of these was compiled under the direction of Cardinal Hugo de St Caro, who died about 1262. This concordance was formed from the Vulgate translation, and it is said that nearly 500 Dominican monks were employed on it. The earliest Hebrew concordance, called The Light of the Way, was produced by Rabbi Mordecai Nathan (1438-48), and published at Venice in 1523. This was followed by the much more complete and accurate work of Marius de Calasio, a Franciscan friar, whose concordance, based on that of Nathan, was published at Rome in 1621. Buxtorf’s is the next Hebrew concordance that deserves mention—a work marked by much care and scholarship, but following the Masoretic divisions of the Old Testament, and so less likely to be of use to the general student. It was published at Basel in 1632, and abridged by Ravius, under the title Fount of Zion (Berlin, 1677). In 1754, Dr John Taylor of Norwich published his Hebrew Concordance, Adapted to the English Bible, Disposed after the Manner of Buxtorf. This held the first place among works of the kind, until the appearance of Dr Julius Fürst’s Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance. Of Greek concordances to the Septuagint, the best is that compiled by Abraham Trommius, minister of Groningen, which was published at Amsterdam in 1718. This is a work distinguished by great industry and erudition; it forms a complete index and lexicon to the ...

CONCORDAT is an agreement between the Pope, as representing the Catholic Church, and a temporal sovereign, with reference to the rights of the church within the territory of the latter. It must be borne in mind that the pretensions of Hildebrandism (1074 to 1300 λ.d.) were very great; they included a power of absolving sovereigns and subjects from their oaths, a large feudal revenue collected abroad, a peculiar status for the Catholic clergy. Against these, temporal sovereigns claimed what were called jura majestatis circa sacra,— viz., jus (Schutzrecht), or the supreme patronage of the national church; jus cavendi (Recht der Versorge), or right of considering whether ecclesiastical regulations conflict with civil duties; and jus inspiciendi, or general right of superintending the morals of the church and the administration of its property. The great historical assertions of Papal supremacy were made in the Decretals :—“Venerabilem,” sent in 1197 by Innocent III. to the majority of the imperial electors who had chosen Philip of Swabia; “Ad Apostolicae,” by which Innocent IV. in 1245 deposed Frederick II. from the imperial throne on the ground of perjury, sacrilege, and heresy; “ Clericis Laicos” and “Unam Sanctam ” (1296 and 1302), which dealt with the taxation of church property, and laid down the principle “oportet autem gladium esse sub gladio.” The same claims appear in the Extravagant “De Consuetudine,” issued by John XXII. in 1322, and in the frequently published Bull “In Caena Domini” (1773). The Encyclical Letter “Quanta Curast and relative Syllabus of 1864, and the Costituzione “Pastor Aetemus” of 1870 contain the latest expression by the Pope of his international functions. It was after the empire had, by the decree of ...

CONCORDIA, the goddess of concord, a Roman divinity, in whose honour several temples were erected at Rome. The most ancient of these was that built on the declivity of the Capitol by Camillus, 367 b.c. In this temple the senate sometimes assembled. It was restored by Livia, the wife of Augustus, and consecrated by Tiberius, 9 a.d. In the time of Constantine and Maxentius it was destroyed by fire, but was again restored. The second temple was erected close to that of Vulcan by Cn. Flavius; and there was a third built by L. Manlius, on the Capitoline Hill. Concordia was represented as a matron holding in her right hand a patera, or an olive branch, and in her left a cornucopia. Her symbols were two hands joined together, and two serpents entwined about a caduceus, or herald’s staff....