JANESVILLE, chief town of Rock county, Wisconsin, U.S., was founded in 1836, and received its city charter in 1853. It contains numerous churches and schools, including the State institute for the blind. Rock river, flowing through the city, supplies water-power for five flour-mills, two woollen factories, and a cotton factory; and the manufactures comprise boots and shoes, carriages and farm machinery, and beer. The population in 1870 was 8789; in 1880, 9018.

JANGIPUR, or Jahângîrpur, the chief town of the subdivision of the same name, in Murshidâbâd district, Bengal, situated on the left bank of the Bhâgirathï, in 24° 28' N. lat. and 88° 6' 45" E. long. The town is said to have derived its name from having been founded by the Mughal emperor Jahângir. During the early years of British rule it was an important centre of the silk trade, and the site of one of the Company’s commercial residences. Jangipur is best known as the toll station for registering all the traffic on the Bhâgirathï. The number of boats registered there annually is about 10,000; the amount of toll is £8000, or about one-third of the total gross revenue derived from the Nadiyâ rivers. The population in 1872 was 11,361.

JANIN, Jules Gabriel (1804-1874), a remarkable instance of a certain kind of critic, was born at St Étienne, the great manufacturing town of the department of the Loire, on December 24, 1804, and died at his house near Paris in June 1874. His father was a lawyer, and he was well educated, first at St Étienne, and then at the famous Collège Louis-le-Grand at Paris. He betook himself to journalism very early, and worked on different papers, the Figaro, the Quotidienne, &c., until in 1836 he fixed himself as dramatic critic of the Debats. Long before this, however, he had made a considerable a literary reputation, for which indeed his strange novel L’Ane Mort et la Femme Guillotinée (1829) would have sufficed. La Confession, which followed, was less remarkable in substance but even more so in style; and Barnave, in 1831, sustained the literary reputation of the author, though the violent attacks it contained on the Orleans family did not, when they were taken with his subsequent conduct, increase his reputation for consistency. From the day, however, when Janin became the theatrical critic of the Debats, though he continued to write books indefatigably, he was to most Frenchmen a dramatic critic and nothing more. His system was odd enough. He called himself “prince of critics,” a self-presented testimonial in which the mixture of irony and vanity (in all senses of the word) which marked all his work may be detected. He was outrageously inconsistent, and judged things from no general point of view whatsoever, though at least latterly his judgment was usually good-natured. But few journalists have ever been misters of a more attractive fashion of saying the first thing that came into their heads, and if he had called himself a prince of journalists he would not ...

JANINA, Jannina, Joannina, or, as the name is frequently written according to its actual Albanian pronunciation, Yanina, a town of European Turkey in southern Albania, or—to retain the ancient designation—Epirus. The position of Janina is strikingly picturesque. At the foot of the grey limestone mass of Mount Mitzekeli (1500 ft.), which forms part of the fine range of hills running north from the Gulf of Arta, there lies a valley (the Hellopia of antiquity) partly occupied by a lake; and on the slopes of a slight eminence, stretching down to the western shore, stands this town of St John. It has greatly declined from the state of barbaric prosperity which it enjoyed in the beginning of this century, when it was the seat of Ali Pasha, estimated to have from 30,000 to 50,000 inhabitants. The fortress—Demir-Kule or Iron Castle, which like the principal seraglio was built on a promontory jutting down into the lake—is now in ruins. But the town still possesses fourteen mosques, each embosomed by a cluster of trees, and there are also seven churches, two synagogues, a Greek college, a library, and a hospital. As the centre of a vilayet it contains a governor’s residence (rebuilt in 1870). Sayades (opposite Corfu) and Arta are the places through which it receives its imports. A considerable activity in trade and industry is maintained by the Greek population, the rich gold and silver embroidery for which the town has long been famous being still one of the notable articles in its bazaar. According to M. Moreau, the French consul (BuU. de la Soc. de G.eogr., Faris, 1876), Janina contained 16,230 inhabitants in 1875, of whom 4136 were Mahometans, 8989 Christians, and 3105 Jews. Synvet (Les Grecs de l' Empire Ottoman, Constantinople, 1878) reckons the Greeks alone at ...

JANIZARIES, or Janissaries (Turkish, Yeiii, new, and t asJcari, soldier). See Army, vol. ii. p. 617.