LINDAU, a town in the government district of Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria, and the central point of the transit trade between that country and Switzerland, is situated on two islands off the north-eastern shore of Lake Constance, in 47° 34' N. lat., 9° 43' E. long. The town is a terminus of the Vorarlberg Railway, and of the Munich-Lindau line of the Bavarian State Railway, and is connected with the mainland both by a wooden bridge and by a railway embankment of stone erected in 1853. There are Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, a royal château, an old town-hall, classical, commercial, and industrial schools, and also manufactories for surgical and musical instruments, a fishery, and a fine harbour provided with a lighthouse and much visited by steamers from Constance and other places on the lake. Opposite the custom-house is a bronze statue of king Maximilian II., erected in 1856. The trade is chiefly in grain, fruit, wine, cherry-brandy, fish, cheese, and lard. In January 1882 the population was about 5350.

On the site which the town now occupies there is believed to have been formerly an ancient Roman camp, Castrum TiberU. Authentic records of Lindau date back to the end of the 9th century. In 1531 it joined the Smalkald league, and in 1647 was ineffectually besieged by the Swedes. From 1275 to 1803 it was a free^imperial town. In 1804 it passed to Austria, and in 1805 to Bavaria.

LINDLEY, John (1799-1865), botanist, was born on February 5, 1799, at Catton near Norwich, where his father, George Lindley, author of A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden, owned a nursery garden. He was educated at Norwich grammar school, and early manifested a taste for the studies in which he afterwards gained distinction. His first publication, in 1819, a translation of the Analyse du Fruit of Richard, was followed in 1820 by an original ALonographia Rosarum, with descriptions of new species, and drawings executed by himself, and in 1821 by Monograph™, Digitalium, and by “Observations on Pomaceae” contributed to the Transactions of the Linηean Society. Shortly afterwards he went to London, where he was engaged by Loudon to write the descriptive portion of the Encyclopaedia of Plants. In the course of his labours on this undertaking, which was completed in 1829, and of which the “botanical merits” are in the preface assigned by the editor to Lindley, he became thoroughly convinced of the superiority of the “natural” system of Jussieu, as distinguished from the “artificial” system of Linnaeus followed in the Encyclopaedia ; the conviction found expression in A Synopsis of British Flora, arranged according to the Natural Order (1829), and in An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany (1830). In 1829 Lindley, who since 1822 had been assistant secretary to the Horticultural Society, was appointed to the chair of botany in University College, London; he lectured also on botany from 1831 at the Royal Institution, and from 1835 at the Botanic Gardens, Chelsea. During his professoriate of more than thirty years he· wrote many scientific and popular works, besides contributing largely to the Botanical Register, of which he was editor for many ...

LINDSEY, Theophilus (1723-1808), an English theological writer, was born in Middlewich, Cheshire, on June 20, 1723, was educated at the Leeds Free School, and in 1741 entered St John’s College, Cambridge, of which, after graduating with distinction, he became a fellow in 1747. For some time he held a curacy in Spitalfields, London, and from 1754 to 1756 he travelled on the Continent in the capacity of tutor to the young duke of Northumberland. On his return he was presented to the living of Kirkby-Wiske in Yorkshire, and after exchanging it for that of Piddletown in Dorsetshire he in 1763 removed to Catterick in Yorkshire. Meanwhile he had begun to entertain anti-Trinitarian views, and to be troubled in conscience about their inconsistency with the creed he had repeatedly subscribed; since 1769 the intimate friendship of Priestley had served to foster his scruples, and in 1771 he united with Archdeacon Blackburne (his father-in-law), Jebb, Wyvell, and Law in preparing a petition to parliament with the prayer that clergymen of the church, and graduates of the universities, might be relieved from the burden of subscribing to the thirty-nine articles, and “restored to their undoubted rights as Protestants of interpreting Scripture for themselves.” After two hundred and fifty signatures to the document had, with six months of vast effort on Lindsey’s part, been obtained, it was, in February 1772, rejected in the House of Commons by a majority of two hundred and seventeen to seventy-one; the adverse vote was repeated in the following year, and in the end of 1773, seeing no prospect of obtaining within the church the relief which his conscience demanded, Lindsey resigned his vicarage and took leave of a warmly attached congregation. In April 1774 he began to conduct a ...