CAM, Diogo, a Portuguese discoverer, of noble birth, belonging to the latter half of the 15th century, is famous for having carried on, under Alphonso V., the discoveries in Western Africa commenced by Don Henry. He sailed round capes Gonçalvez and Catharina; and having obtained great influence with the king of Congo, opened up that country for the introduction of Christianity. On his first voyage (1484) he was accompanied by Martin Behem, the astronomer and cosmographer. Subsequently Cam penetrated as far as 22° S. lat.

CAM BRAY, in German Kamerik, or Kambryk, a fortified town of France, in the department of Nord situated on the right bank of the Scheldt, 32 miles S. of Lille, in 50° 10' N. lat. and 3° 14' E. long. It is well built, contains a large number of ancient gabled houses, and is surrounded by strong walls flanked with round towers. The principal building is the Cathedral of St Sepulchre, occupying the site of an earlier structure, which was greatly damaged during the French Revolution, and suffered still more severely from a conflagration in 1859. It still contains a monument by David to the memory of Fénelon, but the tomb in which the archbishop was buried was broken open in 1793, and his coffin melted into bullets. Of the old archiépiscopal palace the only thing left is a Renaissance portal; and the archbishop now has his residence in what was formerly the convent of the Benedictines. Besides these may be mentioned the church of St Gery, and the belfry of St Martin; the town-house, dating from 1873; the citadel; and the public library, containing upwards of 35,000 volumes, in what was formerly the church of the hospital of St John. Cambray is the chief town of an arrondissement, and has judicial and commercial tribunals of the first instance. A college, two theological seminaries, a medical school, and a school of design are its chief educational establishments; it has also various learned societies. The town has long been famous for its manufacture of fine muslin, to which it gave the name Cambric; and it also contains manufactories of cotton cloth, lace, and thread, as well as sugar-factories, oil refineries, distilleries, breweries, and other industrial establishments. Its trade consists of grain, wine, hemp, hops, cattle, butter, and coal. The Scheldt begins to be ...

CAMALDULIANS, Camaldunians, or Camaldolites, an order of religious persons, founded by Romuald, an Italian, in the beginning of the 11th century, in the desolate waste of Camaldoli, or Campo Malduli, on the lofty heights of the Apennines. Their rule was that of St Benedict; and their houses were never erected at less than five leagues from cities. The monks Were divided into cenobites and eremites. The Camaldulians, till the close of the 11th century, were called generally Romualdins; previously, Camal-dulianwas a particular name for those of the desert Camaldoli. Guido Grandi (1671-1742), a Camaldulian monk, and mathematician to the grand duke of Tuscany, published Camaldulian Dissertations, on the origin and establishment of this order. Pope Gregory XIII. was a Camaldulian.

CAMARINA, an ancient city of Sicily, situated on the south coast, near the mouth of the Hippuris or Fiume di Camarana, as it is still called, about 20 miles E. of Gela or Terranova. It was originally founded by the Syracusans in the 6th century b.c., but was shortly afterwards destroyed by the mother city, because it had thrown off its allegiance. Restored in 495 b.c. by Hippocrates of Gela, it was again depopulated by Gelon, the conquerer of Syracuse, and did not receive a permanent establishment till 461. During the next century the mainspring of its political action was usually antipathy to Syracuse, but on the Athenian invasion it ultimately sent assistance to the beleaguered city. The Carthaginians struck a severe blow at its prosperity in the 5th century B.C., and in 258 a large part of its inhabitants were sold as slaves by the Roman consuls. The town continued to exist in the 2d century of the Christian era, and its site is still marked by a considerable mass of ruins. Mù κiveι Kaμapιrav, “ Do not stir Kamarina,” a proverb somewhat equivalent to our advice to “let well alone,” is said to have been originally the answer of the Delphic oracle to the citizens when they consulted as to the draining of a neighbouring lake.

CAMBACÉRÈS, Jean Jacques Regis de (1753-1824), an eminent French statesman under the first republic and the first empire, was born at Montpellier the 18th October 1753, of an old and distinguished family. Being destined for the profession of law, he began his studies in that department at an early age, and was soon recognized as one of the ablest jurists in France. And as his legal learning was one of the main sources of his fame, so it was his chief means of rendering service to his country. Cambacérès was a decided though moderate disciple of the new principles now everywhere diffused in France, and on the assembling of the States-general in 1789 was chosen as a second representative for the nobility of the district of Montpellier. The right of Montpellier to send a second noble deputy was disputed, and Cambacérès did not sit. But he was a member of the National Convention in 1792. Foreseeing the violent courses into which the Convention should be impelled, Cambacérès, from principle as well as necessity, held aloof, and sought to avoid the perils and excesses of the time by confining himself to the neutral province of jurist and legislator. The trial of the king, however, compelled him to declare himself. In the first place, he maintained that the Convention was not competent to try the king; and when the trial had been decided on, he insisted that aÚ latitude of defence ought to be accorded to the royal counsel. As to the sentence, he found the king guilty, and worthy of the punishment due to one who had conspired against his country; but moved for delay in the execution of it, till peace should be restored, or the French soil invaded. This moderation made Cambacérès “suspect” in the eyes of the Mountain, and he confined himself more circumspectly ...

CAMBALUC is the name by which, under sundry modifications, the royal city of the Great Khan became known to Europe during the Middle Ages, that city being in fact the same that we now know as Peking. The word itself represents the Mongol Kaan-Baligh, “the city of the khan,” or emperor, the title by which Peking continues, more or less, to be known to the Mongols and other northern Asiatics.

A city occupying approximately the same site had been the capital of one of the principalities into which China was divided some centuries before the Christian era; and during the reigns of the two Tartar dynasties that immediately preceded the Mongols in Northern China, viz., that of the Khitans, and of the Kin or “Golden” khans, it had been one of their royal residences. Under the names of Yenking, which it received from the Khitan, and of Chungtu, which it had from the Kin, it holds a conspicuous place in the wars of Chinghiz Khan against the latter dynasty. He captured it in 1215, but it was not till 1264 that it was adopted as the imperial residence in lieu of Kara Korum in the Mongol steppes, by his grandson Kublaï. The latter selected a position a few hundred yards to the N.E. of the old city of Chungtu or Yenking, where he founded the new city of Ta-tu (“great capital ”), called by the Mongols Tαidu or Daitu, but also Kaaη-bηligh ; and from this time dates the use of the latter name as applied to this site....

CAMBAY, or Kambay, a town of Western India, in Guzerat, or the northern division of the province of Bombay, and forming the capital of the native state of the same name, which has an area of about 350 square miles, and a population of about 175,000. It is situated on the River Mahi, at the upper part of the Gulf of Cambay, 230 miles N. of Bombay, in 22° 18' N. lat. and 72° 39' E. long. It is supposed to be the Camanes of Ptolemy, and was formerly a very flourishing city, the seat of an extensive trade, and celebrated for its manufactures of silk, chintz, and gold stuffs; but owing principally to the gradually increasing difficulty of access by water, its commerce has long since fallen away, and the town has become poor and dilapidated. The tides rise upwards of 30 feet, and at high water ships anchor near the town. The trade is chiefly confined to the export of cotton. The town is celebrated for its agates and carnelians, which are wrought into a variety of trinkets of reputation principally in China. The houses in many instances are built of stone (a circumstance which indicates the former wealth of the city, as the material had to be brought from a very considerable distance); and a brick wall, three miles in circumference, surrounds the town, enclosing four large reservoirs of good water and three bazaars. To the south-east there are very extensive ruins of subterranean temples and other buildings half-buried in the sand by which the ancient town was overwhelmed. These temples belong to the Jains, and contain two massive statues of their deities, the one black, the other white. The principal one, as the inscription intimates, is Pariswanath, or Parswanatha, carved in the reign of the Emperor Akbar; the black one has the date of 1651 inscribed. It is supposed that ...

CAMBERT, Robert (1628—1677), the earliest composer of French operas, was born at Paris in 1628. His master for the clavecin, and probably also for composition, was Chambonnières. He was organist of the church of St Honoré, and also held the office of musical superintendent to Queen Anne of Austria, mother of Louis XIV. His earlier works, the words of which were furnished by the Abbé Perrin, continúed to be performed before the court at Vincennes, till the death of his patron Cardinal Mazarin. Displeased at his subsequent neglect, and jealous of the favour shown to Lulli, who was musical superintendent to the king, he went, in 1673, to London, where he was appointed soon after his arrival master of the band to Charles II. One at least of his operas, Pornone, was performed in London under his direction, but it did not suit the popular taste. His principal operatic pieces were entitled Ariadne οu les Amours de Bacchus, Pomone, and Les Peines et les Plaisirs de Γ Amour. Cambert died in London about 1677.