a machine used in Palestine to force the corn out of the ear, and bruise the straw, Isaiah xxviii, 27, 28. The wheels of these carts were low, broad, and shod with iron, and were drawn over the sheaves spread on the floor by means, of oxen.
CARTAGENA, or Carthagena, a fortified seaport of Spain on the Mediterranean Sea, in the province of Murcia, and 29 miles S. by E. of the town of that name, in 37° 36' N. lat. and l o W. long. The town stands on a hill separated by a little plain from the harbour; towards the N. and E. it communicates with a fertile valley; on the 8. and W. it is hemmed in by high mountains. The harbour, the finest on the eastern coast of Spain, is fringed by four hills; and the island called La Escombrera, the ancient Scombraria, 2£ miles from the narrow entrance, shelters it from the violence of wind and waves. The harbour is heart-shaped and deep, except near its centre, where there is a ledge of rocks only 5 feet under water. On the eastern side is a breakwater 842 yards in length. A tramway leads from the port to the centre of the mining district, a distance of about two leagues. The streets of the town are spacious, but not imposing; and the friability of the stone gives the houses a dilapidated look. The barracks, arsenal, wet and dry docks, marine school, parade, rope-walks, and the fortifications, are all in a neglected condition. The mines near the town are very productive, and thousands of men and beasts are employed in transporting ores of lead, iron, copper, zinc, and sulphur to the coast. In 1871 there were 150 blast-furnaces and 76 smelting furnaces at work. The profits vary according to the prices of English coal and coke. Among other mineral products of Cartagena may be mentioned gypsum, saltpetre, amethysts, and rubies. Barley and wheat are grown in fair quantity, and there are some extensive vineyards and olive yards. Esparto grass (Stipa tenacissima), a species of rush, now much used in paper manufacture, is largely grown in the neighbourhood. It is the spartum, or ...Spanish broom, of the ancient Romans,—whence their name for Cartagena, Carthago Spartaria. It is still used locally for making shoes, ship’s cables, mats, and a kind of spun cloth. Barilla, earthenware, glass, and silk are also among the manufactures of Cartagena. The former prevalence of fever, the abandonment of the arsenal, and the prosperity of the neighbouring port of Alicante have much affected the trade of the town during this century; the rail-road communication which now exists with Murcia promises, however, to bring about a revival of its commerce. The imports are chiefly coal and coke from Wales and the north of England. The principal exports are esparto grass and metallic ores; 195,000 tons of the latter were shipped in 1872, almost wholly to Great Britain. The British vessels cleared in 1872 were 244, tonnage 113,015. Of foreign vessels 413 were cleared, tonnage 184,933. The sanitary condition of the town is now greatly improved, as the Almajar Marsh, which formerly caused much intermittent fever, has been drained. The drinking-water of Cartagena is not good; house-rent and food, with the exception of*bread-stuffs, are dear; and there are many paupers and mendicants, to whom no public relief is afforded. The population in 1872 was estimated at 26,000, exclusive of the miners and the labourers in the works of the port.
Cartagena was founded about the year 243 b.c. by Hasdrubal,and was called Carthage Nova or New Carthage, to distinguish it from the African city of Carthage. It was conveniently situated opposite to the Carthaginian territory in Africa, and was early noted for its harbour, the best on the neighbouring coast of Spain. I ts silver and gold mines were the source of great wealth both to the Carthaginians and to the Romans. In 210 b.c. this important place, the headquarters and treasure city of the Punic army, was stormed and taken with great slaughter by P. Scipio. The city continued to flourish under the Romans, who made it a colony, with the name Colonia Victrix Julia Nova Carthago. In 425 a.d. it was pillaged and nearly destroyed by the Goths. The modern Cartagena was a bishopric till the year 1219, when the see was removed to Murcia. It was rebuilt by Philip II. of Spain, for the sake of its harbour. In 1706, in the war of the Spanish Succession, it was occupied by Sir John Leake; and in the next year it was retaken by the duke of Berwick. On the 5th November 1823 the town capitulated to the French. In consequence of the insurrection in Spain, Cartagena was in 1844 again the scene of warfare. On the 23d August 1873 it was bombarded by the Spanish fleet under Admiral Lobos; on the 11th October a battle took place off the town, between the ships of the Government and the Intransigentes, and on the 12th January 1874 Cartagena was occupied by the Government troops.
CARTAGENA, or Carthagena, a seaport town on the northern coast of South America, in the United States of Colombia, in 10° 25' 48" lat. and 75° 34' W. long. It is situated on a low sandy island, which, with the island south of it, Tierra Bomba, forms the harbour of Cartagena. To the east of the town, and connected with it and the mainland by bridges, is the suburb of Xiximani, on another island. The houses of Cartagena are of stone, with lattices and balconies of wood, and are regularly built, but mostly only one story high. The streets are well-paved, but dark and narrow; arrangementshave lately been made for lighting them by petroleum gas. The principal buildings are the fortresses, some convents and churches, and the public hospitals. The town possesses a park and a theatre. The large cisterns in the walls contain a supply of excellent water. The mean temperature of Cartagena is about 83° Fahr. In the summer the heat is excessive, and yellow fever often commits great ravages; leprosy, also, is not unfrequent. The harbour, which is second to none on the north coast of South America, covers 40,000 acres; it affords complete security to ships in all weathers, and great facilities for loading and unloading. It is divided into three sections, Boca Grande and Pascaballos, and the Caldera, which have a depth of about 15 fathoms; and Boca Chica, which is deeper. The entrance to Boca Chica is defended by the two forts—Angelo and San Fernando. Its narrowness, the shallows at its mouth, and the irregularity of the tides render a pilot necessary for ships passing through it. The roadstead for large vessels is about three miles from the city. A chain of salt-lakes, which open into the Bay of Cartagena to the S.W., and extend towards the Magdalena, in a valley through which that river may at one time have flowed, was taken advantage of by the Spaniards in former times for the construction of a canal. Very little cutting seems to have been necessary, except at Calamar, the point of junction with the river. During the War of Independence the old channel became choked up; it was reopened, however, in 1846, after which the flooding of the valley rendered the channel once more unnavigable, except for barges of light draught. On account of the closing of the Digue, the rival port of Baranguilla has been created, and a great amount of commerce has been transferred to Santa Martha. The rapidly-increasing requirements of trade in Colombia, and the great superiority of Cartagena as a shipping depot, cannot fail, however, of securing before long the reopening of the route by the Digue. The imports of Cartagena from the United Kingdom are cotton goods, linen and woollen cloth, crockeryware, glass, cutlery and hardware. The exports are sugar, tobacco, coffee, cotton, dividivi and dye woods, ivory-nuts, balsam of Tolu, caoutchouc, cocoa-nuts and fibre, and hides. Most of the cotton is obtained from wild plants, and the export is falling off year by year, as is also that of caoutchouc, from the wasteful cutting down of the indiarubber trees. The cultivation of sugar bids fair to succeed, for the climate and rich soil are adapted for the growth of the cane. The difficulty of obtaining labour has hitherto been a clog on agricultural enterprise in Cartagena. The value of bullion exported from Cartagena on British account in the year ending August 31, 1873, was £6237. The value of the imports was £153,160; the customs revenues, £41,400. There are no duties on exports. The number of vessels which entered the port in 1873 was 50, tonnage 30,637. The population of Cartagena, formerly estimated at 28,000, is now about 9000 only; four-fifths of these are black or coloured people. The town of Cartagena is the chief naval arsenal of New Granada. It was founded in 1533 by Pedro de Heredia; in 1544 it was seized by the French; it was taken in 1585 by Sir Francis Drake, and in 1697 by the French, who obtained from it over a million of money. In 1741 Vernon unsuccessfully besieged the town. It was taken by Bolivar in 1815, and surrendered to the royalists in the same year. Finally, it was captured by the republicans, September 25, 1821.
CARTAGO, an inland town of Costa-Rica, Central America, on a river of the same name, 60 miles from the Gulf of Nicoya. The town suffered severely from an earthquake in 1841, and has since then decreasedin commercial importance, while the population has been reduced from about 9000 to 3000 inhabitants. The volcano Cartago, near the town, is 11,480 feet high.
CARTAGO, an inland city of the state of Cauca, in the United States of Colombia, South America, 130 miles north-west of Bogota, and situated on the Viega, an affluent of the Cauca. The inhabitants, numbering about 8000, carry on a considerable trade in homed cattle, fraits, coffee, cocoa, and tobacco. The climate is dry and salubrious, and the surrounding country well cultivated.
CARTE, Thomas (1686-1754), an English historian, was born at Dusmoon, near Clifton, in 1686. He was educated at Oxford, and was first brought into pubh'c notice by his controversy with Dr Chandler regarding the Irish massacre, in which he defended Charles I. His attachment to the Stuarts also caused him to remain a nonjuror, and on the discovery of the plot of Atterbury, whose secretary he was, he was forced to flee to France. During his residence in that country he collected materials for an English edition of De Thou and Rigault. These papers were purchased by Dr Mead, under whose direction the book was published in a very handsome form. Being recalled to England through the influence of Queen Caroline, he published, in 1738, A General Account of the Necessary Materials for a History of England. The task of collecting these materials he undertook, with the assistance of subscriptions from various sources. The first volume of his history, which is only of value for its vast and careful collection of facts,was published in 1744. By the insertion in it of the statement that the king’s evil had been cured by the Pretender, Carte forfeited the favour of most of his patrons. He, however, continued to publish; and the 2d volume appeared in 1750, the 3d in 1752, the 4th in 1755. His papers became the property of the University of Oxford, and were deposited in the Bodleian Library.
