HODGE, Charles (1797-1878), theologian, was born in Philadelphia, December 28, 1797. He was educated at the college of New Jersey in Princeton, where he graduated in 1815, and afterwards at the theological seminary of the Presbyterian Church in the same place, where he continued a student until 1819; in 1820 he became assistant teacher; and in 1822 he was chosen by the general assembly to be professor of Oriental and Biblical literature there. He spent two years on the Continent, from 1826 to 1828, studying under De Sacy in Paris, under Gesenius and Tholuck in Halle, and under Hengstenberg, Neander, and Humboldt in Berlin. In 1840 he was transferred to the chair of didactic and exegetical theology, to which subjects that of polemic theology was added in 1852, and this office he held to the day of his death. In 1825 he established a quarterly publication entitled the Biblical Repertory, designed to furnish translations and reprints of the best contemporaneous foreign essays on theological and religious subjects. On his return from Europe in 1828 he changed it into a vehicle for publishing original theological essays and reviews, and added the words Princeton Review to its title. He secured for it the position of theological organ of the old school division of the Presbyterian Church, and continued its principal editor and contributor until 1868. He contributed over 130 articles on subjects ranging through every department of theology and ecclesiology, and all the great practical, ecclesiastical, moral, and national questions of the day. From 1835 to 1868 he wrote yearly an article reviewing the action of each general assembly, which series has exerted a powerful influence over the current opinion and history of the church to which he belonged. The most important of these ...

HODGKINSON, Eaton (1789-1861), a distinguished engineer, was the sou of a farmer, and was born at Anderton near Northwich, Cheshire, 26th February 1789. He received his first stimulus to the study of mathematics at the grammar school of Northwich, and this interest was further quickened by the instructions of Dr Dalton at Manchester, whither he had removed in 1811, and where, instead of following his original purpose to study for the church, he was assisting his widowed mother to establish a business. For several years he carried on mechanical researches and experiments, but his first discovery of importance was that of a new form of iron girder, by which a gain of two-fifths in strength was obtained over that formerly in use. After this he carried on investigations of a similar character in conjunction with Sir William Fairbairn, who greatly profited by his suggestions and assistance in some of his more important inventions. In 1840 Hodgkinson communicated a paper to the Royal Society on Experimental Researches on the Strength of Pillars of Cast-iron and other Haterials in recognition of which he in 1841 received the royal medal, and was also elected a fellow. His formulae for solid and hollow pillars soon obtained general adoption in all engineering class-books. Subsequently he was employed by Stephenson to verify the experiments of Fairbairn on wrought-iron tubes, with a view to the construction of the Britannia Bridge; and for his co-operation in this work he received a silver medal at the Paris Exhibition of 1855. In 1847 he was appointed professor of the mechanical principles of engineering in University College, London. In 1848 he was chosen president of the Manchester Philosophical Society, of which he had been a member since 1826, and to which, both previously ...

HODMEZÖ-VÄSÄRHELY, a corporate town in the county of Csongràd, Hungary, is situated on the lake Hôd, and on the Alföld Railway, about 90 miles S.E. of Budapest, 46° 27' N. lat., 20° 22' E. long. The town is large and rapidly improving, and has many public buildings. Of these the most noteworthy are the townhall, the Roman Catholic, Greek, and Protestant (one Lutheran and two Calvinist) churches, the Jews’ synagogue, the Protestant gymnasium, and the royal law courts. Hôdmezo-Vâsârhely possesses also many elegant private residences, two hospitals, two banks, and several literary institutions, and has a flourishing trade. The soil of the surrounding country is exceedingly fertile, the chief products being wheat, mangcorn, barley, oats, millet, maize, and various descriptions of fruit, especially melons. Extensive vineyards, yielding large quantities of both white and red grapes, skirt the town, which has also a fine public garden. The horned cattle and horses of Hödmezö-Vâsârhely are considered the best in the Alföld; sheep and pigs are also extensively reared. The commune is protected from inundations of the Theiss by an enormous dike, but the town, nevertheless, sometimes suffers considerable damage during the spring floods. In 1870 the population was 49,153, chiefly Magyars.

HODOGRAPH is the name given to a geometrical construction which greatly facilitates the study of kinematical questions. It was invented by Sir William Rowan Hamilton about 1845, and the first account of it, written by him, is to be found in the Proc. R. I. A. for 1846.

The hodograph may be thus defined:—If a point be in motion in any orbit and with any velocity, and if, at each instant, a line be drawn from a fixed point parallel and equal to the velocity of the moving point at that instant, the extremities of these lines will lie on a curve called the hodograph. Let PP 1 P 2 be the path of the moving point, and let OT, OT 1 , OT 2 , be drawn from the fixed point O parallel and equal to the velocities at P, P 1 , P 2 respectively, then the locus of T is the hodograph of the orbit described by P (fig. 1).

From this definition we have the following important fundamental property which belongs to all hodographs, viz., that at any point the tangent to the hodograph is parallel to the direction, and the velocity in the hodograph equal to the magnitude of the resultant acceleration at the corresponding point of the orbit. This will be evident if we consider that, since radii vectores of the hodograph represent velocities in the orbit, the elementary arc between two consecutive radii vectores of the hodograph represents the velocity which must be compounded with the velocity of the moving point at the beginning of any short interval of time to get the velocity at, the end of that interval, that is to say, represents the change of velocity for that interval. Hence the elementary arc divided by the element of time is the rate of change of velocity of the moving-point, or in other words, the velocity in the hodograph is the acceleration in the orbit....

HODY, Humphrey (1659-1706), an English divine, was born at Odcombe in Somersetshire in 1659. In 1676 he entered Wadham College, Oxford, of which, having proceeded M.A. in 1682, he became fellow in 1684. Previously he had published in 1680 Dissertatio contra Historiam Aristeae de LXX. Interpretibus, in which he showed that the so-called letter of Aristeas, containing an account of the production of the Septuagint, was the late forgery of a Hellenist Jew originally circulated to lend authority to that version. The dissertation was generally regarded as conclusive, although Vossius published an angry and scurrilous reply to it in the appendix to his edition of Pomponius Mela. In 1689 Hody wrote the “Prolegomena” to the chronicle of John Malala, published at Oxford in 1691. The following year he became chaplain to Stillingfleet, bishop of Worcester, and, on account of his supporting the ruling party in a controversy with Dodwell regarding the nonconforming bishops, he was appointed chaplain to Archbishop Tillotson, an office which he continued to hold under Tenison. In 1698 he was appointed regius, professor of Greek in the university of Oxford, and in 1704 he was promoted to the archdeaconry of Oxford. In 1701 he published History of Englhh Councils and Convocations, and in 1704 in four volumes De Bibliorum textis originalibus, in which he included his original work on the Septuagint, and published a reply to the attack of Vossius. He died 20th January 1706. A work, De Groecis Illustribus, which he left in manuscript, was published in 1742 by Dr Jebb, who prefixed to it a Latin dissertation.