PLANTAIN (Lat. plantago), a name given to plants with broad palm-like leaves. This is the case with certain species of Plantago, Alisma, and Musa, to all of which the term is popularly applied. Of the Plantago little need be said here, the species being for the most part mere weeds, though one species, P. lanceolata, is eaten by cattle, and the seeds of another, P. major, are collected for the food of birds. Of far greater general importance is the genus Musa, to which belong the Plantain, and the Banana (g.v.). These are gigantic herbs, now diffused by cultivation throughout the tropics of both hemispheres, and sending up from a short thick underground stem shoots with a number of very large leaves, whose long, thick leafstalks are wrapped one round another. The blades are usually oblong-obtuse, like the blade of an oar, with a very thick midrib from which diverge on each side numerous parallel densely arranged secondary ribs. The flowers are borne in huge pendulous spikes provided with large boatshaped, often coloured, bracts, in whose axils the whorls of flowers are produced; the lower ones are usually female or hermaphrodite, those at the apex of the spike are male only. These flowers consist of a perianth of six divisions partly united below, slightly two-lipped above, and enclosing five perfect and one imperfect stamen. The ovary is inferior and three-celled—ripening into a long oblong fruit filled with spongy pulp, in which the numerous seeds are embedded. The accumulation of starch and sugar in this pulp renders the fruit of vast importance as an article of diet in the tropics. Corenwinder, cited by Pavy, says that, while starchy matter forms more than 19 per cent, of the ripe fruit—there is also nearly 5 per cent, of nitrogenous matter, about double that of ...the potato. The plant requires but little attention, and the produce from a relatively small area is enormous; hence it is one of the most valuable of all food-plants. After fruiting, the stem dies down, but provision for new growth is made by the production from the underground stock of numerous offsets. The number of varieties is very great, a circumstance which in itself testifies to the long period during which the plant has been cultivated. It is also the more remarkable in that perfect seeds are comparatively rarely produced, the inference being that the different forms have arisen from bud variations or “sports.” In spite of the vast number of varieties grown in the tropics of both hemispheres—varieties mostly dependent on diversities in the size, form, and flavour of the fruit—the general opinion among botanists is that they have all sprung from one species, the Musa sapientum of Brown. Were it otherwise, it is presumed that the varieties found in America would be different from the Asiatic ones, and these again from those found in the South Sea Islands, <fcc.; but, as a matter of fact, there are no geographic limitations, the same varieties being found in different quarters of the globe. The varieties are arranged under two heads by Desvaux according to the size of their fruit —the bananas, with fruit 7-15 inches in length, and the fig bananas, with fruit from 1-6 inches long; but these variations are not constant, and Schomburgk has recorded a case in which a spike of the fig banana bore numerous fruits proper to that variety, and in addition a large number of fruits like those of the Chinese dwarf-plantain, Musa chinensis, the Cavendish banana of gardens—a case analogous to, but even more remarkable than, the not infrequent occurrence of peaches and nectarines on the same branch. The plantain and the banana are sometimes spoken of as distinct. The former has a green stem and yellow angular fruit not fit for eating till cooked. The banana (J∕. sapientum) has the stem marked with purple spots, and a shorter more cylindric fruit which may be eaten without cooking, but the two run one into the other so that no absolute distinction can be drawn between them. The species have been found in a wild state in Chittagong and Khasia, in the Philippine Islands, in Siam, and in Ceylon, but nowhere truly wild on the American continent.
Throughout tropical and subtropical Asia the plant has numerous and diverse native names; and it was mentioned by old Greek and Latin authors. On the other hand, there are no native names for the plant in Mexico, Peru, or Brazil. From such considerations as these Alphonse de Candolle, in his Origine des Plantes Cultivées, sums up the evidence by asserting the Asiatic origin of the plantain and its early introduction into America by the Spaniards or Portuguese. If it should turn out that the banana or the plantain existed in America before the discovery of that continent, then Μ. de Candolle would attribute that circumstance to some fortuitous introduction at no very remote date rather than to the simultaneous existence of the banana as an indigenous plant in both hemispheres.
It is not only for their fruit that these plants are valuable. The leaves are used for thatching, and the abundant fibre they contain forms a good substitute for hemp. Musa textilis is of special value from this point of view. The Abyssinian banana, Μ. Ensete, has dry capsular fruit, and very handsome foliage.
[901 words — estimated reading time: 6 minutes]
PLANTAIN-EATER. See Tourakoo.
[4 words — estimated reading time: 1 minute]
PLANTIN, Christophe (1514-1589), born in a village near Tours (probably Saint-Avertin) in 1514, learned book-binding and book-selling at Caen, and, having married in that town, settled in 1549 as bookbinder in Antwerp, then the principal commercial town of the Netherlands, where he was soon known as the first in his profession. A bad wound in the arm, which unfitted him for this occupation, seems to have been the cause that first led him (about 1555) to apply himself to typography. The first known book printed in his office was La Institutione di una fanciulla nata nobilmente, by J. Μ. Bruto, with a French translation, and this was soon followed by many other works in French and Latin, which in point of execution rivalled the best printing of his time, while the masters in the art of engraving then flourishing in the Netherlands illustrated many of his editions. In 1562, Plantin himself being absent in Paris, his workmen printed an heretical pamphlet, which caused his movables to be seized and sold. It seems, however, that he recovered a great deal of the'money, and in 1563 he associated himself with some friends to carry on his business on a larger scale. Among them were two grand-nephews of Dan. Bomberg, who furnished him with the fine Hebrew types of that renowned Venetian printer. He was now in a position to spare no expense in printing his books with all the care he deemed necessary; and his editions of the Bible in Hebrew, Latin, and Dutch, his Corpus Juris, Latin and Greek classics, and many other works produced at this period are renowned for their beautiful execution and accuracy. A much greater enterprise was planned by him in those years—the publication of a Biblia Polyglotta, which should fix the original text of Old and New Testaments on a scientific ...basis. In spite of clerical opposition he was supported by Philip II. king of Spain, who sent him the learned Benedictus Arias Montanus to take the leading part in the work of editorship. With his zealous help the work was finished in five years (1569-73, 8 vols. fol.). Plantin earned much renown by it, but little profit, or rather less than none; but in compensation he received the privilege of printing all liturgical books for the states of King Philip, and the office of “prototypo-graphus regius,” which carried with it the oversight over all printers in the Netherlands, a charge of which Plantin seems to have acquitted himself indifferently. This need not surprise us, when we know that Plantin, though outwardly a faithful son of the church, was till his death the partisan of a mystical sect of heretics; and it is now proved that many of their books published without the name of a printer came from his presses together with the missals, breviaries, &c., for the Roman Catholic Church.
Besides the polyglott Bible, Plantin published in those years many other works of note, such as editions of St Augustine and St Jerome, the botanical works of Dodonaeus, Clusius, and Lobelius, the description of the Netherlands by Guicciardini, <fcc. In 1575 his printing-office reckoned more than twenty presses and seventy-three workmen, besides a similar number that worked for the office at home. But soon there came bad times for Antwerp. In November 1576 the town was plundered and in part burnt by the Spaniards, and Plantin had to pay an exorbitant ransom. A great many inhabitants of the once flourishing city emigrated, and Plantin also thought of settling elsewhere. He established a branch of his office in Paris; and when in 1583 the states of Holland sought a typographer for the newly erected university at Leyden, and invited him to occupy this place, he left his much reduced business in Antwerp to his sons-in-law John Moerentorf (Moretus) and Francis van Ravel-inghen (Raphelengius), and settled at Leyden. But he could not thrive, it seems, in Holland. When in 1585 Antwerp was taken by the prince of Parma and affairs became there more settled, he left the office in Leyden to Raphelengius and returned to Antwerp, excusing himself for having served the states of the revolted provinces by the difficulties of his situation. In Antwerp he laboured till his death on the 1st July 1589. His son-in-law, John Moretus, and his descendants continued to print many works of note “in officina Plantiniana,” but from the second half of the 17th century the house began to decline. It continued, however, in the possession of the Moretus family, which religiously left all the old things in the office untouched, and when in 1876 the town of Antwerp acquired the old buildings with all their contents, for 1,200,000 francs, the authorities were able with little trouble to create one of the most remarkable museums in existence (Musée Plantin, opened 19th August 1877).
See Max Rooses, Christophe Plantin imprimeur Anversois, Antwerp, 1882; Aug. de Backer and Ch. Ruelens, Annales de Γimprimcrie Plantinienne, Brussels, 1865; Degeorge, La maison Plantin, 2d ed., Brussels, 1878.
[850 words — estimated reading time: 5 minutes]
PLANTING. See Arboriculture.
[3 words — estimated reading time: 1 minute]
